Differences and Similarities between Nietzsche and Freud

Nieztsche and Freud both philosophers of the 19th century, each famous for their different but similar metaphors. Nieztshche’s metaphor being the Ubermensch (ove rman) which was the ideal superior man who in the coming future would go over the morals of Christianity and force his values to be accepted. Freud was the founder of the psychoanalysis which is the analysis of the human psyche, with his investigations he discovered the id, ego and superego. Nieztshche and Freud’s metaphors have their similarities and differences, Nieztsche’s idea is that in order to be human or the over man you have to be at a constant war or struggle with social, religious and political convention and that we need to break free and be independent thinkers and not accept the rules that we are given by the authorities or by those in power but we must be creative and create our own values, we are relaxed because society (christianity) defends the weak and that is denying human nature from letting people think for themselves. We should accept and enjoy life as it is with all its struggles and pains that it throws at us and if we do so then we will be the super man and be in love with life. Freud metaphor says that in order to be human you must be a split subject-id, ego and superego, the mind experiences a constant battle of emotions, desires and thoughts all of these that happen in the sub-conscious so what we have to do is supress and repress them so that we can be able to socialise proper. ThisShow MoreRelatedMarilynne Robinsons Essay Darwinism1340 Words   |  6 PagesRobinson offers many ideas (or themes) in her essay, three specific ones stood out more than the others. She spends some time discussing the relationship between Creationism and Darwinism; she attacks the way a Nietzschean ethic of selfishness has become respectable in the world; she also discusses the problems of the ideologies of Sigmund Freud. 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Were respectable Victorians any more concerned about sex than their great grandparents had been Free Essays

Before one can answer the question above, two key terms need to be explained: ‘respectable’ and ‘sex’. The Victorian climate was such that the term respectable is usually applied only to those members of society with sufficient status to be marked out as noticeable in a rural/urban setting. To this extent, it is perhaps more correct to realise that the question is aiming towards those Victorians of middle to high status than those of the middle and upper classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Were respectable Victorians any more concerned about sex than their great grandparents had been? or any similar topic only for you Order Now More to the point, respectable may mean either those people of status, or those men of high status. Sex’ is a term that carries two main connotations, intercourse and gender. Gender itself is a pretty wide ranging issue, covering the role of women in both social life and in the home, as well as increasing political activity from females. In effect, the question is somewhat multi-faceted, and requires a three-sided response: how far were men more aware of women’s need and rights in the nineteenth century than in the eighteenth; how did the role of the female change between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; and, how did general attitudes towards intercourse and women change in a broader sense? This final question invites a response on how sex was taught, or indeed practised, in the Victorian period. One can see a change in the nineteenth century towards a society that was more concerned with some aspects of sex, especially those carnal. As Michael Mason puts it, the sexual practices of the early nineteenth century experienced a ‘crisis of confidence’. Yet by mid-century, trends of concubinage and commitment meant that traditional (male) practices of prostitution were considerably displaced. As the attitudes of men changed towards a family environment, so did the role of women. Women became not only homemakers but also socially active people, rather than their traditional role of sitting in the background and looking pretty. Trends in literature towards such feminist authors as the Bronte sisters and Jane Austen, as well as strong feminist trends in some of Dickens’ literature, were representative of a society considering the roles of women and bringing their rights to the fore. Trends also changed from the passive acceptance of wife beating towards an admittedly passive non-acceptance of such practices. In effect, there were many significant changes towards a society that accepted sex in all its forms far more than a century before, albeit in a more austere fashion. Firstly the question of the awareness of women needs to be addressed more fully. As trends of marriage changed towards a more family based atmosphere, so did the attitudes towards the Victorian woman. A female Queen, for whom the country held a significant respect, precipitated an almost passive acceptance of the female import in society. The Victorian man was, unlike his great grandparents, frowned upon for un- gentlemanly behaviour in the home. A change toward this acceptance of the female role was precursor to the increased role of the male in family life. As L Davidoff has claimed, men spent much more time at work but were also ‘in and out of the house place†¦ helping with the children†¦ taking part in the endless rounds of tea drinking and dropping in of relatives’ By the 50s, men were leaving active business to spend more time with family and to allow younger family members to take over the day to day running of affairs, often women being allowed to do this. Men were effectively becoming absorbed into what was previously, and exclusively, the female way of life. Alongside this change was the acceptance of women into such societies as the Rainbow Circle, with some such as the Primrose League being set up for women alone. Thus women were not only allowed a political voice, but were actively taking one also. The ideas of station in the family may not have changed, but they were certainly evened out. As urbanisation increased, so did the acceptance of female by men. In eighteenth century rural England, the middle classes were small, and the sense of community amongst them sparse, with urbanisation came middle class community, which had the effect of introducing a social code by which everyone was socially obligated to abide. Certain trends towards females did not change however, domestics and governesses were still female, yet the number of affairs between the head of the household and his servants decreased rapidly, yet this may be representative more of the austere privacy of the Victorian household which would be reluctant to admit such activities than an actual fall in such indiscretions. In effect, the attitudes towards women changed. They changed in both the way women were treated, and in the assumption of traditional female roles in the household of men. Yet the Victorian woman was equally different from her eighteenth century counterpart. The Victorian woman was a changing force in society. Such occurrences as the Custody of Infants Act of 1839, and the later trend for educating girls at schools (both precipitated women) give evidence to the changing female character. The Custody of Infants Act in particular is representative of the power able to be exercised by Victorian women over their husbands. This Act, which crystallised after the legal battle fought by Caroline Norton to keep her children after separation from a violent husband. This not only shows that the female had a right to her children in equal capacity to her husband, but also that there was an ability for a woman to challenge a man in a court- a legal power not previously seen. It also is indicative of the new emphasis on motherhood, or more to the point, its importance over and above the importance of the male figure. F M L Thompson, maybe over enthusiastically, terms this change in early Victorian female culture a precursor to ‘female rebellion’. He doses have a point however, at the time many thinkers both on the left and right such as Peter Gaskell and Richard Oastler felt that the family and consequently the moral fabric of society was about to collapse due to an increased female role. Changing the emergence of the politically interested female of all classes and statuses complemented this emancipation. Organisations such as the Primrose League were representative of not only a new working/middle class political voice, but also of a female voice. In addition to the having a voice in the political world, and in society, as well as legal rights, the right to divorce was also important. The Divorce Act of 1857 allowed wives for the first time to divorce their violent husbands, which was an important factor in the beginning of women’s rights, which became codified legally over the ensuing century. It also had the effect of reducing the number of ambiguous separations, which were against the fabric of the Victorian family life. In effect, the change in the role of women was not huge, but it was significant. Rights within the family increased, as did station in society. Changing attitudes towards intercourse are also important. Marriage is important in this sphere also, as well as family life. One of the most striking features of Victorian England was the relative decline in prostitution compared with the increase of towns and cities. This may be attributed to the transformation towards a family atmosphere, and the importance of sexual relations in the home. This may be attributed towards the Victorian culture of evangelicalism and nonconformity both of which preached ideas of temperance, and the consequent decline in alcohol consumption amongst respectable people. Alongside this came a new awareness of sexual diseases, with many people feeling sufficiently more comfortable with themselves to request treatment. Sex as an act was more considered in the medical sphere also. Books were written detailing every aspect of sexuality, from academic books on ‘the orgasmic theory of ovulation’ to Dr Becklard’s self-help book ‘Becklard’s physiology’. It is true however, that by the end of the Victorian period, bipolar attitudes towards sex, meant that women were portrayed in nature as either frigid or insatiable, and men absolved from blame as servants to their katabolic needs. In effect, although women experienced a change in their roles and their perception, as sexual objects, their portrayal was quite regressive. To this extent sex in terms of the portrayal of men and women was both progressive in terms of thinking and theory (although most often mistaken) yet also regressive in its portrayals of each sex and its consequent categorisations of the sexes, which not until Freud were reversed. In addition to this, for the first time, sex education was taught on a very primitive level at school, and carnal sex was mentioned at a very understated level at home. In effect, trends of sex education were just breaking through, but nonetheless they were there. In conclusion, the Victorians were more aware of sex, both categorical and carnal. Trends towards traditional sexual roles were changed as men frequently took over roles at home, and women often took over their husbands businesses after death. Family trends revolutionised the position of the male at home, along with a willingness to consider women’s rights by allowing the Custody and Divorce Acts to be passed through parliament. Moreover, the Victorian female was able to push for such reform as she found a new social and political voice not before experience. This is not to say that suddenly the female was the central character in society, far from it. Husband continued to beat wives, and the Divorce Act didn’t precipitate a mass rush for every abused female to divorce their husbands. The female role was still very much subordinate to the male, but it was significantly improved on the position of the eighteenth century female. Trends towards intercourse complemented this as trends in marriage changed the way Victorian men sought sex. Prostitution declined and the social/medical considerations of sex changed in a way not seen in the eighteenth century. Although the austere male dominated society still excused the male from any blame of carnal desire, as compared with the female who was pushed to extremes of frigidity or insatiability. In effect, awareness of sex was increased, or at least more openly discussed. How to cite Were respectable Victorians any more concerned about sex than their great grandparents had been?, Papers

Innovation Plan of Fletcher Building-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Innovation Plan that the Fletcher Building Organization needs to go through. Answer: Description of the organization: The organization that has been selected for this report is the Fletcher Building. This organization mainly deals in the making of several or various construction tools or products and services. The services that are offered by this organization include distribution or selling of construction products and their services include land development, mainly residential land or even constructions (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). It is the building industry with which Fletcher Building is associated and by size it is quite huge since it has its subsidiaries as well in countries or places like Asia, America and Australia with about 20,000 workers working globally (Gobble, 2013). Analysis and evaluation of the external atmosphere of the organization: Fletcher Building is one of the most popular and reputed building material companies in New Zealand and therefore it is important to properly analyze the external environment of the organization and how the external factors impact the organization. PESTEL analysis can be done here for a better understanding of the external environment (Gobble, 2013). Political aspects of New Zealand do not have much impact on the workings of the organization and politically New Zealand is a stable country (Leeuwis, 2013). Economic factor like the market scenario, the market rate, recession and so on greatly impact the construction organization since with these aspects their works are interrelated. At times when there is recession or low market share then the work of this organization is hampered or disrupted (Gobble, 2013). Social factors like lifestyle, the cultural and religious beliefs and so on are all associated with this aspect and affects or guides the material production process of the organization. It is based on the taste and preferences of the people that at times customized services or the construction products needs to be manufactured (Leeuwis, 2013). Technological factor greatly impact the organization since it is with the help of technology that the materials or the tools are prepared (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). The more the advanced is the technology is the more is the benefit of the organization since it is only with the aid of latest technology that the tools or the equipments can be made by Fletcher Building (Leeuwis, 2013). Environmental factors like temperature, pollution, recycling and so on are all associated with the work of Fletcher Building. These can positively or negatively impact the organization since if the organization does not keep in consideration all these points then there cant be any holistic development of Fletcher Building (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). Legal factor is very much important here since the organization is related with the construction and developmental works certain laws or guidelines related to this field needs to be followed by this organization or else it can affect the work proceedings of the organization (Gobble, 2013). Opportunities of innovation in the organization: There are several opportunities for innovation like in the production process or the manufacturing process, the marketing campaigns, the management process and also in the personnel department. These opportunities for innovation are associated with the growth of the organization (Cai and Liu 2014). Technical factors like better marketing strategy and understanding all the marketing tools is required here for developmental purpose. Kotters change management model that has 8 steps can also be used here. It mainly targets at bringing change in the organization, gradually, enabling the change changing and then implementing it. The company can bring in innovation in the construction of environmental sustainable buildings that offers several advantages. The renewable power cost installations have been falling and the current advances in the sustainable design might facilitate to enjoy benefits like solar installations can generate power on-site for off-setting the operational costs. More of the effective layouts would allow cost-effective cooling and heating. Sustainable building materials restrict the influence of the fresh construction on the natural environment. In the present scenario, the construction companies like Fletcher Building have been surprising the property owners with the full-range of the options of building control and automation. Smart buildings have been offering superior flexibility and suppleness through usage of the incorporated digital and mobile technology for improving the security on-site, controlling and regulating the climate along with on-site communication. Fletcher Building ca n also rope in pre-fabricating elements of building, a trend that is structuring the commercial assembly industry. Unlike the predictable methods of construction that takes in the facilities of construction, pre-fabricating construction and methods of assembly are dealt within protected environments offering better effectiveness and safety. Justification of the value of a selected innovation: Innovation in the marketing field can be done by the help of digital marketing policy that requires the active usage of social platforms and also online contents, blogs and so on that can be fruitful in the betterment of the organization (Union 2014). Innovation in the marketing field is justified because it is related with the overall growth and development of the organization and is also related with the better exposure and better focus on the organization. The selected innovation is justified here since this innovation or the innovative step is related to the development and the growth of Fletcher Building. Innovation will usher in many opportunities and thereby it will help in the positive marketing of the organization. The opportunities include communication with more number of people in terms of business, better exposure and also the advent of contemporary business techniques (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). Innovation is essential for a company of the stature of Fletcher Building whose objective has always been in running the best possible products of building and the construction of businesses, taking the advancement of consumer in ensuring businesses are worth more mutually. Their method of delivering the values of customers through the market-leading solutions is only possible through technological and product innovation like the pre-fabricating materials and sustainable building elements. Property owners have been investing a lot in getting the best possible constructions for living a comfortable life. Every innovation that the company wants to bring in should be aligned with their values of being bold, playing fair and intended towards the benefit of customers. This industry is highly competitive and if Fletcher Building is not indulging itself in upgrading its technological innovations and factors then the company would lag behind in the market. The property owners can switch over to other good companies that exist in New Zealand as competition is toug her and companies more or less align in distributing the same sort of services and products. Appropriate strategies recommended and justified: Recommended strategies that needs to be followed or are essential in the marketing field include the social marketing strategy, engaging people, creating visibility and exposure. Technical know-how like search engine optimization in social sites, trend analysis, using ad sense and so on is also required (Ahern, Cilliers and Niemel 2014). These strategies will overall increase the reach and the visibility of the organization and will also help the organization to reach to the masses and crater to the distributor, stakeholders, suppliers and so on and thereby will definitely help in the advancement of the organization and will also help in the revenue earning aspect of the organizations (Leeuwis, 2013). Recommended things to be done in this field include creating interactive blogs, contents and videos can also be made that will be an added benefit in this scenario (Union 2014). It is also recommended or suggested in this aspect that demo or trail services to the suppliers to buys the e quipments from Fletcher Building can also be initiated and this will be a part of the marketing campaign since this will arouse the interest of the buyers and will also attract large scale investors or dealers or project makers (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). It is also very much recommended that the organization can take traditional path to publicize their works, their business or their organization through the process like, direct messages, hoardings and so on. This will also be beneficial for those who are not much aware about the social platforms and will help in catering the interest of the local dwellers of the various regions of New Zealand (Leeuwis, 2013). Factors required to foster this innovation: The factors that are required to foster this innovation is a perfect marketing knowledge, a perfect growth strategy, a good know how of all the technicalities of the social media usage and also a good trend analysis strategy. Some of the specific factors include marketing strategy, social platform acquaintance, technical aptitude (Union 2014). Marketing knowledge can guide in taking the most appropriate steps or measures and that can be effectively implemented to derive the result. Marketing knowledge will also help in making the department aware about the ongoing social trends and systems and thereby that can be followed accordingly without any such hassle (Ahern, Cilliers and Niemel 2014). Growth strategy is also one of the factors that will show the growth trends of Fletcher Building in the social platforms that will mainly connect with all the regions of New Zealand and not only that it will also help in the oversees popularity of the organization (Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013). The technical aspect is essential mainly in online marketing form and is also very important in the analysis of how the organization is doing. Ethical issues: There can be some ethical issues as per the suggested innovation plan since this plan is all about the usage of the right technological and digital innovations related with the online usage of social platforms and thereby it can be said that any infringement or interference with the personal and the restricted information is not desirable here and can give rise to ethical issues (Leeuwis, 2013). Ethical issues are important for every company to focus on as breaching any would land them into deep trouble. Moreover ethical issue is a factor which if the company violates would lend them a bad name in the market. Fletcher Building is a company that has been in the business in New Zealand and many other countries for years, successfully completing the projects, having longer history of productive and continuing relationships within their business, shareholders and the communities they serve. The company has been able to institute a track record of formidable nature, having a strong reputa tion of strong governance along with keeping their investors informed and engaged in the ways they have been making money. It is important and ethical on the part of the company to let know the people that matters about the ways they have been going about business, their future plans and the path they would follow in all probability. Other ethical issues can be infringing with someones personal information since it is quite a common mistake while dealing with social platforms and also the fact of using the contents or pictures or others of a person that is not lawful. Violating others copyright is also one of the ethical issues that need to be keep within note (Ahern, Cilliers and Niemel 2014). Change that the organization needs to make to apply innovation: There are not much of the changes that the organization needs to make for applying the innovation processes however some points like the change in the management system specially in the marketing department needs to be advocated so that the department becomes aware about the new process or the way of doing things and also about the latest marketing techniques the department needs to adjust with the new change and work accordingly (Leeuwis, 2013). The marketing department needs to be more active and also need to be fully updated about the works, the trends, the several business offers, the equipments, the projects that are being done by the organizations (Gobble, 2013). At the time of change, people are bound to have concerns about the information factor. Fletcher Building management requires explaining its people the need for the organization to move towards a definite course and the reasons for the change being the best idea for the time being. Once the concerns of the information a re being satisfied, people would want to know the ways the change or the innovation would affect them at the personal level. Employees would always want to know the ways the changes would be implemented and where to venture in case of any technical backing and solutions to the issues that might occur. Many might be unaware of the technical application of the new technologies like the pre-fabricating materials or the detailed 3D BIM modeling that is being used by helping the construction professionals in creating better plans, generating faster results and staying within the budget. These are some of the changes that are very essential in this process and are also very important to fully execute the innovation (Leeuwis, 2013). CEOs and the leaders across the organization require altering the way they work. As they continue to inquire about driving results at the tactical extent, leaders are looking for fresh regulations in giving them competitive advantage and fueling new markets and services along with products. For the purpose of innovating in successful manner, it is essential in becoming conscious of the issues related to adaptation in time, resulting from changes economically and technically and finding solutions of the same through generation of the effective innovation procedure. Fletcher Buildings ability in competing in near future and the situation of profit to a greater level generally would be depending on this. Fletcher Building needs to find solutions to the following questions like: Which are the sort of innovations that the market requires and whether it is possible in introducing them with the technology and services at ones disposal along with current construction? Which is the action that needs to be taken for innovations to be successful in market? Which are the tasks that needs to be fulfilled for introducing the innovation and the requirement of the tasks to be segregated and coordinated Appropriate model for managing resistance: In the entire innovation plan there can be resistance or conflict or issues and for that an model needs to be developed so that the hindrances can be overlooked and the work and be put forward. Some of the employees might not be on the same page with the organizational leaders on the changes that the company is thinking of bringing in within its work process. They might not be acquainted with the technological innovations that the company is thinking of. Unless the organization is able to bring everyone at the same table and hold discussions about the ways it would implement the change process, resistance would be a normal affair. There needs to be a proper plan on what needs to done, how it should be done and what are the backup strategies or plans in position if the initial plan does not work. A general or a simple model for combating resistances can be developed that will mainly consist of the diagnosis, evaluation and implementation (Leeuwis, 2013). Diagnosis is all about perfect ly diagnosing the problems or the hindrances that are coming in the way or creating an obstruction and there after evaluating it or accessing its relation with the work moment and then finally implementing the desired or the chalked out plan of the work motive. This very model can be aptly used to manage the resistance or combat the resistance and help in the successful implementation of the plan (Leeuwis, 2013). Adkar model can be brought into the context here which consist of Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Action and Reinforcement. Awareness is all about giving brief for the reason behind the modifications. Desire is to implant the need or the benefits that one can get from the changes. Knowledge is to learn the new changes that are going to come (Cai and Liu 2014). Action is to bring the thing into field or action. Reinforcement is to coach the entire thing. However in the process some negative publicity or the negative use of advertising or marketing can be done that needs to be handled with this very model. Appropriate leadership style: Transactional leadership style would be appropriate here since it is all about being flexible and is also about taking the points or the views of the subordinates. This leadership style will help in the growth of the organization in an advanced way and would also help in the team bonding which is essential here (Cai and Liu 2014). New innovations require certain amount of change within the organization. It is thus important for the leaders of Fletcher Building to bring together the whole team and discuss the path they are thinking to follow in bringing about the changes and discuss clearly the role each of the employees would play. It is about working together and facing the issues co-operatively. At the time when the company goes through a phase of change it is essential for the employees and the organizational leaders to keep their level of communication at the best possible level. Any distort in the communication level would jeopardize the overall process of innovation change. Strategies to manage resistance to change: Strategies like communication, training and education, cultural ethics of the company, reward and motivation and flexibility of the working departments can be made for tactfully handling the resistance to change (Cai and Liu 2014). These strategies are very effective since it is helpful in dealing with the resistances or the hindrances that are there and thereby can form the right way for the development of business of an organization. The company management should opt for training in the best possible way so that its employees get acquainted with the latest technologies in the construction business. The training needs to be well communicated and if the company require can appoint someone from the outside who has the knowledge of the technological aspects that is doing the rounds in construction business. Every employee should be flexible and adaptive to the new technology that the company is thinking of bringing in into their system. These strategies will help in making a relaxing a nd a flexible working environment (Leeuwis, 2013). Recommendation for future change management activities: Recommendation or suggestion for change management mainly include a good study of the market scenario and also the market trend and about the companys strength and weakness also since these are the points that will help in creating the change procedure that needs to be implemented. It is also suggested that the management needs to analyze mainly the requirement of the change and it also needs to be deduced that how the changes would be constructed (Cai and Liu 2014). The company also needs to keep an eye on its competitors and the ways it have been picking pace within the market through the help of innovation change and attracting the property owners for selecting them for construction purpose. There should not be any gap in the desired changes and the implementation of the same within the workplace References: Ahern, J., Cilliers, S., Niemel, J. (2014). The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: A framework for supporting innovation.Landscape and Urban Planning,125, 254-259. Cai, Y., Liu, C. (2014). The roles of universities in fostering knowledge-intensive clusters in Chinese regional innovation systems.Science and Public Policy,42(1), 15-29. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2015). Disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), 44-53. De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Pizzurno, E., Cassia, L. (2015). Product innovation in family versus nonfamily firms: An exploratory analysis.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), 1-36. Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E., Yeow, J. (2014). Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,86, 1-12. Gobble, M. M. (2013). Outsourcing innovation.Research-Technology Management,56(4), 64-67. Johnston, R. E., Bate, J. D. (2013).The power of strategy innovation: a new way of linking creativity and strategic planning to discover great business opportunities. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Martins, L. L., Rindova, V. P., Greenbaum, B. E. (2015). Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: a cognitive approach to business model innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), 99-117. Moulaert, F. (Ed.). (2013).The international handbook on social innovation: collective action, social learning and transdisciplinary research. Edward Elgar Publishing. Seltzer, E., Mahmoudi, D. (2013). Citizen participation, open innovation, and crowdsourcing: Challenges and opportunities for planning.CPL bibliography,28(1), 3-18. Union, I. (2014).Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels.